The cultivated land area and crop sown area in hilly and mountainous areas account for one third of the cultivated land area and the sown area of crops in the country, involving nearly 300 million agricultural population. Therefore, it is very important to study how to promote agricultural mechanization to realize agricultural power. Starting from the internal logic of agricultural mechanization development in hilly and mountainous areas, this paper compares and analyzes the cases of “farmland construction suitable for mechanization” and “adapting to land conditions with machinery ” and discusses the transformation power of agricultural mechanization from “adapting to land conditions with machinery” to “farmland construction suitable for mechanization”,  calculates the subsidy standard of government support for “farmland construction suitable for mechanization” in combination with Hotelling model, and analyzes and interprets domestic and foreign cases. The research shows that the miniature agricultural machinery of “adapting to land conditions with machinery” has limited improvement of agricultural productivity, and the fundamental way for agricultural modernization and building agricultural power in hilly and mountainous areas lies in case of “farmland construction suitable for mechanization” to create land conditions for large power and high efficient agricultural machinery operation. In order to improve the willingness of agricultural operators to participate in the case of “farmland construction suitable for mechanization”, the government should adopt differentiated financial subsidies according to the machine conditions, reduce the input cost of agricultural operators of “farmland construction suitable for mechanization”, shorten the investment back to the fixed number of year. Among them, the subsidy standards for the slope below 2°, 2°-6°, 6°-15°are 15000 yuan/hm2, 30000 yuan/hm2 and 45000 yuan/hm2, respectively, the land principle for slope over 15°should be returned to forest and grass, and it is not appropriate to carry out highcost mechanical transformation. In view of the agricultural mechanization experience and existing problems of “farmland construction suitable for mechanization” in hilly and mountainous areas at home and abroad, this paper puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for actively and steadily promoting the case of “farmland construction suitable for mechanization” in the hilly and mountainous areas.

Computer vision is a field that involves enabling machines to “see”. This technology uses cameras and computers instead of human eyes to identify, track, and measure targets for further image processing. With the development of computer vision, this technology has found widespread applications in modern agriculture and has played a crucial role in its advancement. Firstly, the concept, components, and working principles of computer vision are detailed. Secondly, the research progress and applications of computer vision technology in areas such as aquaculture, livestock farming, crop growth monitoring, crop pest surveillance, and fruit and vegetable recognition, positioning, and harvesting are introduced both domestically and internationally. Through analysis, it is found that existing technology can promote the development of modern agricultural automation, realizing advantages of low cost, high efficiency, and high precision. However, future technologies will continue to expand into new application areas in modern agriculture, bringing about more technical challenges that need to be overcome. Finally, the paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the applications and challenges of computer vision technology in modern agriculture, discussing future opportunities and prospects, providing the latest references for researchers.

At present, most of the fruit and vegetable picking is mainly based on manual picking, which has disadvantages such as low efficiency and large picking cost, while the problem of labor shortage restricts the rapid development of agriculture as the population aging problem becomes more and more serious. The endeffector, as a key component of fruit and vegetable picking robot, largely affects the picking rate and damage rate of the picking robot, and the research on the endeffector is of vital significance. The current research status of fruit and vegetable picking robots at home and abroad is fully described. The endeffectors of picking are summarized according to the different picking and driving methods, and the causes of damage in the picking process are summarized. By citing typical endeffectors of picking, we analyze the causes of fruit damage during the picking process. By comparing the specific parameters of existing picking robot endeffector solutions, the problems of inaccurate identification and positioning, low picking efficiency, etc. are presented, and the future endeffectors are prospected in terms of damage rate and picking efficiency.

This article reviews the development of major economic crop industries and mechanization in China from 2019 to 2023, including cotton, oil, sugar, vegetables, fruits, tea, and medicine, and proposes new trends and urgent problems in crop mechanization. The results showed that the cotton planting area has been shrinking year by year, the yield per unit has been increasing year by year, and the machine yield has exceeded 77%. Domestic cotton picking machines have achieved new development, and mechanized plant protection and control are the shortcomings. Rapeseed continues to expand its area and increase yield, with a machine planting rate of 45%. Mechanized transplantation has formed supporting solutions in different regions, but machine harvesting losses are still significant. The planting area and yield of peanuts have reached a new high, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of over 68%. Peanut harvesters are in short supply, harvesting and sowing with machines in southern China is a difficult task. The planting area and yield of sugarcane are basically stable, and stepbystep machine harvesting and combined machine harvesting are advancing synchronously. The problem of “one cut harvest with manual” urgently needs to be solved. The planting area and yield of vegetables have steadily increased, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 42.61%. The concept of integrating harvesting, seed selection, and machine technology has been recognized, and there is an urgent need to research and promote the application of key planting and harvesting equipment for ripening. The area and yield of garden fruits have steadily increased, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of only 27.3%. Modern orchards are constantly experiencing typical mechanization throughout the entire process, and the level of fruit harvest loss reduction and disaster prevention and mitigation equipment urgently needs to be improved. The area and yield of tea gardens continue to increase, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 34.09%. The level of machine harvesting and transportation, as well as the utilization rate of summer and autumn tea, have significantly improved. Processing is developing towards intelligent complete sets of equipment, and there is a lack of specialized equipment for intercropping and fertilization. The planting area of commonly used Chinese medicinal materials in clinical practice has shown a restorative growth, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 42.90%. Suitable varieties in key provinces have basically achieved full mechanization, while the mechanization of Chinese medicinal materials in mountainous understory and flower leaf fruit categories is basically blank.

“Double carbon” has become the key task of Chinas agricultural green development. It is urgent to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve the carbon neutral goal of 2060. This paper reviews the research progress and development trend of agricultural carbon emission in China in recent years, summarizes the research on the six major emission sources of agricultural materials, rice planting, carbon fixation of cultivated land, straw burning, livestock and poultry breeding and agricultural machinery, and publishes the suggestions and prospects for carbon emission reduction of the six major agricultural emission sources. The research shows that there are many empirical analysis on the agricultural carbon emission intensity of the five major agricultural emission sources of agricultural materials, rice planting, straw burning, livestock and poultry breeding and agricultural machinery, and the carbon emission reduction effect is significant, because of the effective regulation of its carbon emissions and the impact of strengthening the purchase subsidy policy. However, there is less empirical analysis on the carbon sequestration of arable land, and the process of carbon emission reduction is slow, mainly due to the greater impact of the subjective factors of farmers, so we should strengthen the publicity and learning of farmers. Although Chinas total agricultural carbon emissions fluctuate up and down, they tend to decline as a whole. In order to achieve green and sustainable development, the government and the whole people need to work together. The implementation of lowcarbon agriculture is conducive to achieving the 2060 carbon neutral goal.

 At present, China still adopts the traditional manual method of picking famous tea, and the mechanized, intelligent and efficient picking of famous tea has become a research hotspot. In this paper, the research progress and characteristics of famous tea picking robots at home and abroad are analyzed from the aspects of identification and positioning of famous and highquality tea buds, the design of robotic arms, and the design of end effectors, and it is pointed out that the current tea picking robots have problems such as poor recognition and positioning and slow picking speed.The research and development of universal and versatile bud recognition and positioning algorithms, efficient picking manipulators and their control systems, and protective flexible endeffectors are the key problems to be solved in the future of famous and highquality tea picking robots.

According to the agronomic requirements and land conditions of Cyperus esculentus harvest in northeast China, and in order to solve the problems of low mechanization degree, high cost and difficult separation of root, bean and soil of Cyperus esculentus, a type of traction Cyperus esculentus harvester was designed. The harvesting machine includes elevator network chain system, threshing cylinder, double layer 4-stage 4-box type straw shaker separation device, cleaning fan and grain conveying system with the function of leaking soil, etc. These working parts make the Cyperus esculentus harvester have good separation, fluidity and multiple cleaning functions in the working process, which can effectively prevent the root winding, screen blocking and separation unclean problems. Field test results show that the harvesting machine has the characteristics of low power consumption and high efficiency, and the overall harvest cleaning rate of the experimental prototype can reach 90.86%.

Aiming at the problems that there are few existing sweet potato horizontal transplanting machines and the transplanting position does not meet the agronomic requirements, this paper designs a sweet potato transplanting mechanism that can realize flat planting by combining the agronomic needs of sweet potato planting. The overall structure and critical components of transplanting mechanism are optimized through establishing mathematical modelling. With the forward speed and installation height of the mechanism as the test factors, the simulation test and parameter optimization of the depth of potato seedlings into the soil and the straight length in the soil was carried out by coupled EDEMADAMS simulation. The optimal parameters of the simulation test were determined as the forward speed of the mechanism by 0.22 m/s and the installation height by 181 mm. The test results showed that the passing rate of the depth of potato seedlings into the soil and the straight length in the soil of sweet potato seedlings were 95.32% and 93.12%, respectively, which met the agronomic requirements of sweet potato horizontal planting.

In order to solve the problem of local optimization and low solving accuracy of the structural optimization of mulberry leaf picking machine, an improved real genetic algorithm is proposed. Firstly, a roulette selection operator based on order combination fitness function is given, the operator selects one of the two fitness functions through an adaptive parameter change on the basis of roulette, and then calculates the fitness value. Then, an improved heuristic crossover operator based on direction is designed, which not only preserves the influence of the best of the two parent individuals on the offspring individuals, but also increases the influence of the best of the population on the offspring individuals, so as to increase the possibility of crossover producing potential offspring. Then, the improved algorithm is applied to the optimization parameter design of rocker mulberry leaf picker, and the superiority of the algorithm is verified by simulation and comparison test with other algorithms, and the optimal parameter combination of the picker is obtained as follows, the speed of the walking structure is 24 mm/s, the angular speed of the flipping structure is 1.2 rad/s, and the speed of the picking structure is 440 mm/s. The performance of the whole machine is improved by 13% compared with that before optimization. Finally, field tests with the optimized parameter combination show that the performance of the mulberry leaf picker is improved by 10.9% and the error is less than 2.1%. It can be seen that the improved real genetic algorithm is an effective algorithm to optimize the parameters of the picker.

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Most of the popular corn planters in China use pickup finger seed metering device and air suction seed metering device, depending on the land wheel transmission to drive the seed metering device seeding, which can improve the uniformity of seed spacing to a certain extent, but the seed seeding is still affected by the slip of the ground wheel. In order to solve the above problems, this paper designed the control system of electric drive maize highspeed operation intelligent seeder. STM32F103 chip was used as the core of the master controller. The system measured the speed of the machine and tool by the proximity switch installed by the ground wheel. Infrared photoelectric sensor was used for realtime seeding monitoring. The results of laboratory test and field experiment showed that the system had high precision of speed control, sowing count and missing sowing monitoring. When the plant spacing was set to 25cm, the operation speed was 8km/h, 10km/h and 12km/h, respectively. The average qualified indexes under the three operation speeds were 95.18%, 94.36% and 91.24% respectively. The variation coefficients were 15.36%, 16.83% and 18.24%, respectively.

A high-performance real-time fine-grained plant disease detection framework is proposed to solve the problems of dense distribution, irregular shape, multi-scale target category and texture similarity encountered by existing identification methods in plant disease detection. Firstly, two new residual blocks are designed in YOLOv8 backbone network and neck to enhance feature extraction and reduce computing cost. Secondly, the DenseNet layer is introduced and the Hard-Swish function is used as the main activation function to improve the accuracy of the model. Finally, the PANet network is designed to retain finegrained local information and improve feature fusion. Four different diseases of tomato plants were detected in different complex environments, and the experimental results showed that the proposed model was superior to the most advanced detection models in both accuracy and speed. At the detection rate of 71.23 FPS, the model obtained the precision of 92.58%, the recall rate of 97.59%, and the F1score of 93.64%, which provided an effective technical means for precision agriculture automation.

The technology of automatic seedling picking and dropping is the key to the research of automatic transplanting machine, and it is an important part of promoting the comprehensive mechanization and automation of transplanting operations. There are many types of automatic seedling picking and dropping mechanisms with complex structures. In order to enable researchers or users and other relevant personnel to understand the automatic seedling picking and dropping technology faster and more systematically, this paper uses the method of literature review to automatically transplant seedlings in plug trays at home and abroad. The technology of picking and dropping seedlings is summarized and is divided into four types as follows: clipping type, ejecting type, combined topclamping type and straightfalling type. The working principle and characteristics of different types of seedling picking and throwing technology are analyzed. It points out that the research results of automatic seeding technology applied in actual production have problems of poor stability and low reliability, and proposes measures to improve the relevant evaluation standards, promote the research of mechanical seeding technology and the development of small mechanical equipment, and promote the development of multirow operation and efficient transplanting of seeding technology. The future development of automatic seedling picking and dropping technology with simple structure, stable performance and intelligent operation is prospected, so as  to provide a reference for the development of automatic transplanting machines in China.

High speed operation is the development trend of precision seeding technology at present, and the pneumatic precision seeding device is the key technical carrier to realize high speed operation. In response to the problem of limiting the speed increase of pneumatic seed metering devices, highspeed seed filling technology, stable seed cleaning technology, seed smooth motion control technology during the seed feeding process, and seed metering device smooth driving technology have been proposed. This article summarizes the development status of pneumatic seeders both domestically and internationally, analyzes the research status of key technologies at home and abroad, and concludes that stable seed filling, effective seed cleaning, stable seed input, and stable driving of seeders can effectively improve the seeding qualification rate, reduce the coefficient of variation, and ensure the uniformity of grain spacing. Combined with the situation in China, the problems of highspeed precision seeding such as low operating speed and efficiency, imperfection of electric drive technology and quality monitoring technology are analyzed. It is proposed that the pneumatic highspeed precision seed discharger needs to increase its independent innovation, develop towards high precision, high efficiency and intelligent direction in the future.

This general fresh agricultural products logistics process can be divided into some independent units from the harvest to the sales. The energy consumption, quantity loss and quality level in the logistics process are clearly defined through the mathematical modeling. Then, taking the time and temperature of each logistics unit as the decision variables, taking the time limit and refrigeration conditions as the coupling constraints, and taking the minimum loss of energy consumption, quantity and quality as the optimization objective, the multi-objective cold chain logistics process optimization model of fresh agro-foods is established. The solution process based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy (NSGA-Ⅱ) is designed. An example of the optimization of Jointech companys cold meat logistics shows that under different constraint objectives, enterprises can obtain a variety of optimal time and temperature combination schemes for decision makers to choose. The multi-objective optimization solution results of cold and fresh meat can be divided into three categories, among which the slaughter time of cold and fresh meat has a greater impact on the loss cost and quality level of the whole logistics process, and more than half of the data obtained through simulation is affected by the slaughter time. With the improvement of the remaining quality level requirements, the impact of the temperature drop of each logistics unit on the loss cost is gradually reduced, especially when the remaining quality level requirements are above 86.4%, which is almost unaffected. At this time, under the established cost target, the company can improve the refrigeration conditions as much as possible to improve the quality level of cold fresh meat.

The chassis technology of agricultural machinery is the key technology of intelligent agricultural machinery and equipment， and also the key technology that affects agricultural and rural modernization. The inherent advantages of European and American farm based and intensive planting scenarios， as well as strong industrial foundations， make Europe and America ahead of China in the field of intelligent agricultural machinery， the adaptability of agricultural machinery chassis in our country is poor， the degree of intelligence is insufficient， the comfort is poor， and the safety factor is low. In response to the above issues， combined with the actual situation and characteristics of China's agricultural machinery development， this paper will think and look forward to the direction of intelligent development of agricultural machinery chassis in the future from three aspects of intelligent drive， high adaptability walking and independent operation. This paper focuses on summarizing the progress of new technologies such as hydraulic lifting， power shifting， continuously variable transmission， variable wheelbase， wire controlled steering， and unmanned driving applied to agricultural machinery chassis. Combining with the actual application situation in China， the basic principles and characteristics of various systems related to agricultural machinery chassis are elaborated. Finally， based on the research progress of agricultural machinery chassis at home and abroad and the gap between domestic and foreign countries， reference is provided for future research and design of intelligent agricultural machinery chassis and modernization of agriculture and rural areas from strengthening the research and upgrading of electro‑hydraulic technology and E-CVT， promoting the landing of multi‑directional walking and wire controlled steering technology， and realizing intelligent control and unmanned operation.

In order to solve the problem that the traditional transplanter of tobacco seedling can not meet the agronomic requirements of wellcellar transplanting,  a new 2QBZ-1 wellcellar transplanter for tobacco seedling pulled by tractors is designed. By establishing a threedimensional model to reasonably arrange the structure of the well cellar production device, transplanting device, and watering device, the overall structure is more compact. Through calculation and repeated experiments, the transmission ratio of the transplanting machine transmission system is matched. The experiment shows that this machine is suitable for transplanting small seedlings with a stem height of 5-8cm. The plant spacing can be adjusted within 50-60cm, and intermittent hole watering can be achieved. The watering amount per hole is steplessly adjusted within 200-1 000mL. After transplanting, the root leakage rate is less than 2.47%, the seedling burial rate is less than 2.20%, the qualification rate is more than 95.33%. This function effectively reduces the labor intensity of tobacco farmers, improves the survival rate and production efficiency of tobacco seedlings, and significantly reduces the cost of transplanting.

As one of the main crops in China, the yield of corn has not been greatly improved in hilly areas because of the low degree of agricultural mechanization in hilly areas. Therefore, a singleline unparallel ears removal structure is designed for the problem of maize mechanized harvesting in hilly mountainous areas. Through force analysis, the resultant force in the direction of corn picking is the key to determine whether corn detaches from the peduncle, and the speed of the picking roller and the diameter of the plant heading position are the key parameters affecting the resultant force. At the same time, a triangular track chassis adapted to hilly and mountainous areas was designed. Through force analysis, it is known that the corn harvester carried by the triangular track chassis can work on the hillside with the maximum slope of 19.2°, which has been verified by the test. According to Adams simulation, the force of the corn ear being pulled away from the stem in the vertical direction was between 100 N and 200 N. At the same time, the randomly selected Zhengdan 958 corn was tested by a tensile testing machine at five different speeds, which verified the accuracy of the simulation results. Based on the results of the experiment and simulation, the speed of the picking roller should be over 473 r/min. At last, tests on a selfmade small corn harvester were carried out, and its results showed that the grain broken rate was 0.69%, the average impact injury rate was 0.83%, and the broken ear rate was 6.7%. The designed singlerow nonparallel earpicking roller earremoving mechanism had a good earremoving effect, and the triangular crawler chassis could meet the operation requirements of the corn harvester in the steep slope mountains, with high reliability.

Wheat powdery mildew, head blight, and rust are the three major diseases that harm wheat yield. In order to improve the recognition accuracy of wheat disease images, a wheat disease image recognition algorithm based on Vision Transformer was proposed. Firstly, the images of wheat diseases, including wheat powdery mildew, scab, and rust, were collected by field shooting, and the original images were preprocessed to establish the wheat disease image recognition data set. Then, the wheat disease image recognition algorithm was constructed based on the improved Vision Transformer, analyzing the influence of different transfer learning methods and data enhancement on the model identification effect. The experiments showed  that full parameter transfer learning and data enhancement could significantly improve the convergence speed and identification accuracy of the Vision Transformer model. Finally, the performance of Vision Transformer, AlexNet and VGG 16 algorithms on the same dataset was compared under the same time condition. The experimental results showed that the average recognition accuracy of the Vision Transformer model for the three wheat disease images was 96.81%, which was 6.68% and 4.94% higher than that of  AlexNet and VGG 16 models, respectively.

Aiming at the problems of low picking efficiency and easy damage to fruit of kiwifruit equipment, the conceptual design of kiwifruit picking machine was guided by TRIZ（Theory of Inventive Problem Solving）. The operation process of kiwifruit picking machine was determined by demand analysis. Based on the analysis of systematic function, the functional defects of the screw endeffector for kiwifruit picking were identified, a set of TRIZ tools including causal analysis and substancefield analysis were applied to seek innovative solutions, a new kiwifruit picking machine was innovatively designed, which could automatically locate fruit tree, identify fruit, cut fruit stem and collect fruit. ADAMS was applied for gait simulation of endeffector picking action, and MATLAB was applied for dynamic simulation of operating space and picking trajectory of the picker. The results showed that the spatial range of the picking trajectory of kiwifruit picker was about 1.4 m in the X direction, 1.8 m in the Y direction and 2.3 m in the Z direction. The picking speed was 8 seconds per kiwifruit, and the endeffector picking process was smooth and consistent, which could meet the expected design requirements. The application of  TRIZ theory in the product conceptual design stage is conducive to producing highquality, multilevel conceptual solutions and improving product design efficiency.