Abstract: This article reviews the development of major economic crop industries and mechanization in China from 2019 to 2023, including cotton, oil, sugar, vegetables, fruits, tea, and medicine, and proposes new trends and urgent problems in crop mechanization. The results showed that the cotton planting area has been shrinking year by year, the yield per unit has been increasing year by year, and the machine yield has exceeded 77%. Domestic cotton picking machines have achieved new development, and mechanized plant protection and control are the shortcomings. Rapeseed continues to expand its area and increase yield, with a machine planting rate of 45%. Mechanized transplantation has formed supporting solutions in different regions, but machine harvesting losses are still significant. The planting area and yield of peanuts have reached a new high, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of over 68%. Peanut harvesters are in short supply, harvesting and sowing with machines in southern China is a difficult task. The planting area and yield of sugarcane are basically stable, and stepbystep machine harvesting and combined machine harvesting are advancing synchronously. The problem of “one cut harvest with manual” urgently needs to be solved. The planting area and yield of vegetables have steadily increased, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 42.61%. The concept of integrating harvesting, seed selection, and machine technology has been recognized, and there is an urgent need to research and promote the application of key planting and harvesting equipment for ripening. The area and yield of garden fruits have steadily increased, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of only 27.3%. Modern orchards are constantly experiencing typical mechanization throughout the entire process, and the level of fruit harvest loss reduction and disaster prevention and mitigation equipment urgently needs to be improved. The area and yield of tea gardens continue to increase, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 34.09%. The level of machine harvesting and transportation, as well as the utilization rate of summer and autumn tea, have significantly improved. Processing is developing towards intelligent complete sets of equipment, and there is a lack of specialized equipment for intercropping and fertilization. The planting area of commonly used Chinese medicinal materials in clinical practice has shown a restorative growth, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 42.90%. Suitable varieties in key provinces have basically achieved full mechanization, while the mechanization of Chinese medicinal materials in mountainous understory and flower leaf fruit categories is basically blank.

Key words: economic crop, industrial development, mechanization, trend analysis

摘要： 通过梳理2019—2023年全国棉油糖蔬果茶药等主要经济作物产业和机械化发展情况，提出各作物机械化新趋势和急需解决的问题。结果表明，棉花种植面积逐年萎缩，单产逐年增加，机收率超过77%，国产采棉机实现新发展，机械化植保化控是短板；油菜不断扩面积提单产，油菜机种率达到45%，机械化移栽在不同地区形成配套解决方案，机收损失仍较大；花生种植面积和产量均达到新高，综合机械化率超过68%，收获机供不应求，南方机种机收是难点；甘蔗种植面积、产量基本稳定，分步式机收与联合机收同步推进，“一刀砍”问题亟待解决；蔬菜种植面积和产量稳步增长，综合机械化率为42.61%，以收定种、机艺融合理念得到认可，急需研推用一体推进种收关键机具熟化应用；园林水果面积和产量稳定增长，综合机械化率只有27.3%，现代果园全程机械化典型不断涌现，水果收获减损与防灾减灾装备水平亟待提高；茶园面积和产量持续增加，综合机械化率为34.09%，机采机运水平和夏秋茶利用率显著提高，加工向智能化成套设备方向发展，中耕施肥专用机具缺乏；临床常用类中药材种植面积呈恢复性增长，综合机械化率为42.90%，重点省份适宜品种基本实现全程机械化，山地林下和花叶果实类中药材机械化基本空白。

关键词: 经济作物, 产业发展, 机械化, 趋势分析