The rising fertilizer prices and ecological concerns over chemical pollutants in drinking water sources have pushed precision agriculture and site-specific management to the forefront. The agricultural sector is seeking ways to optimize crop yields while minimizing fertilizer use in response to the increasing costs of fertilizer production. However, accurate determination of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content still relies primarily on labor-intensive manual sampling and laboratory analysis, hindering the advancement of intelligent fertilization. To address this, researchers both domestically and internationally are focusing on sensor technologies for rapid soil nutrient assessment. This paper reviews current studies on spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, finding that while these methods can accurately measure soil NPK content under controlled conditions, they face significant challenges in complex field environments and cannot yet achieve autonomous measurement. Future research needs to delve into soil conditions, light compensation, and automated operations to develop real-time, in situ NPK detection systems.

化肥价格上涨和化学物质污染饮用水源的生态担忧促使精准农业和基于场地的管理成为焦点，农业界正通过优化作物产量和减少化肥使用来应对化肥生产成本上升，但土壤氮磷钾含量的准确测定依然主要依赖费时费力的人工采样和实验室分析，限制智能化施肥的发展。为此，国内外学者致力于研究土壤氮磷钾含量的传感测定技术，以实现快速测定土壤养分含量。通过分析现有基于光谱技术和电化学技术的研究，发现这些技术在特定条件下能够准确测定土壤中的氮磷钾含量，但在复杂田间环境中仍存在难以克服的挑战，尚无法实现自主测定。未来需要在土壤条件、光照补偿、自动化作业等方面进行深入研究，以开发实时、原位的NPK检测系统。