Abstract: There are various planting methods for rapeseed in China, including manual sowing, mechanical live broadcasting, drone aerial seeding, as well as manual transplanting and mechanical transplanting. There are mainly two types of machine harvesting methods for rapeseed in China, such as combined harvesting and segmented harvesting. Based on different conditions and needs, it is necessary to reduce losses, improve quality and be efficient. It is necessary to integrate various factors and balance various relationships in practice to find the optimal plan, and propose efficient and low loss machine harvesting methods for rapeseed harvesting according to local conditions. Therefore, China Agricultural Mechanization Centre of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs organized a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of combined and segmented machine harvesting of rapeseed under different planting conditions in Ruichang, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that the impact of different planting methods on machine harvesting was reflected in the fact that mechanized seedling transplantation of rapeseed could achieve late planting and early maturity, reduce grass damage, and facilitate machine harvesting. Segmented harvesting could reduce losses by 4.6 percentage points compared to combined harvesting, resulting in a reduced loss value of 516.6 yuan/hm2 and achieving good consistency in rapeseed maturity. Segmented harvesting increased operating costs by 248.7 yuan/hm2 compared to combined harvesting. Based on the analysis of the results, it is proposed to increase the promotion of mechanized seedling cultivation and transplanting technology for rapeseed that is suitable for machine harvesting, take measures to accurately grasp the maturity of rapeseed to obtain the best harvesting period, and choose suitable, efficient, and low loss machine harvesting methods according to local conditions.

Key words: rapeseed harvesting, combined harvesting, segmented harvesting, comprehensive evaluation

摘要： 我国油菜种植方式多样,既有人工撒播、机械直播、无人机飞播,也有人工移栽、机械移栽。我国油菜机收方式主要有联合收获、分段收获两种,针对不同条件和需求,既要减损、又要提质、还要高效,需要在实践中综合各种因素,平衡各种关系,求得最优方案,因地制宜为油菜收获提出高效低损机收方式。为此,农业农村部农业机械化总站在江西瑞昌组织开展不同种植方式条件下油菜联合机收与分段机收作业效果综合测评。结果显示,不同种植方式对机收的影响体现在油菜机械化育苗移栽能够实现晚种早熟、减轻草害、易于机收;分段收获比联合收获能够减损4.6个百分点,减损收益516.6元/hm2,且能获得较好的油菜籽成熟度一致性;分段收获比联合收获增加作业成本248.7元/hm2。通过结果分析,提出加大适宜机收的油菜机械化育苗移栽技术推广力度、采取措施准确把握油菜成熟度获得最佳适收期、因地制宜选择适宜高效低损机收方式等建议。

关键词: 油菜收获, 联合收获, 分段收获, 综合测评