Current status of research on the application of agricultural UAV application technology

doi:10.13733/j.jcam.issn.2095-5553.2024.09.009

Abstract

Abstract:

As a new type of pesticide application technology，UAV application has been widely used in field crops because of its high operational efficiency，environmental protection，timeliness，low cost，and no physical damage to crops and soil compared with the traditional application. This paper summarizes the current situation of the development of agricultural UAV at home and abroad and puts forward the reasons for its rapid development，and describes the application of agricultural UAV on corn， rice， wheat， and cotton， and analyzes the main problems faced by agricultural drone application technology as follows：uneven quality，relevant policies，and regulations are not sound，the selection of special agents for fly-anti-drug control is not standardized，the safety risk is large，the battery range is weak，the after-sales service system is imperfect，and the training of flyers is limited，et al，and puts forward a proposal to address the above problems. In addition， it also looks forward to the future development direction of real-time monitoring of UAV application operation，multi.functional or multi-machine cooperation，biological control，spraying method innovation，et al，to provide a reference for the development of agricultural UAV application technology.

Key words: UAV, application technology, agronomical measures, maize, rice, wheat

摘要：

无人机施药作为一种新型施药技术，与传统施药相比作业效率高、环保、时效性强、成本低，且不会对作物和土壤造成物理损害，已广泛应用于大田作物。综述国内外农用无人机发展现状及其快速发展的原因，阐述农用无人机在玉米、水稻、小麦、棉花上的应用。分析农用无人机施药技术面临的主要问题：质量参差不齐，相关政策法规不健全；飞防专用药剂选择无标准、安全风险大；电池容量较小，电池续航能力弱；售后服务体系不完善、专业飞手培训局限等。展望农用无人机施药作业实时监测、一机多能或多机合作、生物防治、喷药方式革新等未来发展方向，以期为农用无人机施药技术的发展提供借鉴与参考。

关键词: 无人机, 施药技术, 农艺措施, 玉米, 水稻, 小麦

CLC Number:

S252

Bai Zhikun, Chen Bing, Gao Shan, Liu Taijie, Chen Zijie. Current status of research on the application of agricultural UAV application technology[J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(9): 54-61.

白志坤 , 陈兵 , 高山 , 刘太杰 , 陈子杰 . 农用无人机施药技术应用研究现状[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(9): 54-61.

References

［ 1］Zhang Q，Men X，Hui C，et al. Wheat yield losses from pests and pathogens in China［J］. Agriculture， Ecosystems & Environment，2022，326：107821.

［ 2］李祎君，王春乙，赵蓓，等 .气候变化对中国农业气象灾害与病虫害的影响［ J］.农业工程学报， 2010，26（S1）： 263-271.

Li Yijun， Wang Chunyi， Zhao Bei， et al. Effects of climate change on agricultural meteorological disaster and crop insects diseases［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2010， 26（S1）： 263-271

［ 3］宋勇，陈兵，王琼，等 .无人机遥感监测作物病虫害研究进展［ J］.棉花学报， 2021，33（3）：291-306.

Song Yong，Chen Bing，Wang Qiong，et al. Research advances of crop diseases and insect pests monitoring by unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing［J］. Cotton Science，2021，33（3）：291-306.

［ 4］刘杰，曾娟，杨清坡，等 . 2023年农作物重大病虫害发生趋势预报［ J］.中国植保导刊， 2023，43（1）：32-35.

［ 5］Oerke E C. Crop losses to pests［J］. The Journal of Agricultural Science，2006，144（1）：31-43.

［ 6］周奋启，董红刚，陈银凤，等 .不同植保机械喷雾雾滴沉积分布对小麦病害的防治效果［ J］.湖北农业科学， 2017，56（12）：2275-2279.

Zhou Fenqi， Dong Honggang， Chen Yinfeng， et al. Control effect of spray droplets deposition distribution of different plant protection machinery on wheat diseases［J］. Hubei Agricultural Sciences，2017，56（12）：2275-2279.

［ 7］田志伟，薛新宇，李林，等 .植保无人机施药技术研究现状与展望［ J］.中国农机化学报， 2019，40（1）：37-45.

Tian Zhiwei，Xue Xinyu，Li Lin，et al. Research status and prospects of spraying technology of plant.protection unmanned aerial vehicle［J］. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization，2019，40（1）：37-45.

［ 8］张东彦，兰玉彬，陈立平，等 .中国农业航空施药技术研究进展与展望［ J］.农业机械学报， 2014，45（10）：53-59.

Zhang Dongyan， Lan Yubin， Chen Liping， et al. Current status and future trends of agricultural aerial spraying technology in China［ J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery，2014，45（10）： 53-59.

［ 9］廖小罕，肖青，张颢 .无人机遥感：大众化与拓展应用发展趋势［ J］.遥感学报， 2019，23（6）：1046-1052.

Liao Xiaohan， Xiao Qing， Zhang Hao. UAV remote sensing： Popularization and expand application development trend［J］. National Remote Sensing Bulletin， 2019，23（6）：1046-1052.

［10］郭永旺，袁会珠，何雄奎，等 .我国农业航空植保发展概况与前景分析［ J］.中国植保导刊， 2014，34（10）：78-82.

［11］刘育，孙见忠，李航 .民用无人机的监管与规范探讨［ J］.南京航空航天大学学报， 2017，49（S1）：152-157.

Liu Yu，Sun Jianzhong，Li Hang. Supervision and norm discussion on civil unmanned aerial vehicle［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics，2017， 49（S1）：152-157.

［12］Shulin Y， Xiaobing Y， Jianyou M. The application of unmanned aircraft systems to plant protection in China［J］. Precision Agriculture，2018，19（2）：278-292.

［13］李继宇，兰玉彬，施叶茵 .旋翼无人机气流特征及大田施药作业研究进展［ J］.农业工程学报， 2018，34（12）： 104-118.

Li Jiyu，Lan Yubin，Shi Yeyin. Research progress on airflow characteristics and field pesticide application system of rotary-wing UAV［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2018，34（12）：104-118.

［14］徐博，陈立平，谭彧，等 .基于无人机航向的不规则区域作业航线规划算法与验证［ J］.农业工程学报， 2015，31（23）：173-178.

Xu Bo， Chen Liping， Tan Yu， et al. Route planning algorithm and verification based on UAV operation path angle in irregular area［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2015，31（23）：173-178.

［15］张新星 .农用无人机智能植保系统设计［ J］.时代农机， 2017，44（3）：85-86.

Zhang Xinxing. Design of intelligent plant protection system for agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle［J］. Times Agricultural Machinery，2017，44（3）：85-86.

［16］尚春雨，蔡建法，黄思健，等 .我国农用植保无人机应用现状与前景分析［ J］.安徽农业科学， 2017，45（30）： 193-195.

Shang Chunyu， Cai Jianfa， Huang Sijian， et al. Application status and prospect analysis of agricultural UAVs in China［J］. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences，2017，45（30）：193-195.

［17］王昌陵，何雄奎，王潇楠，等 .基于空间质量平衡法的植保无人机施药雾滴沉积分布特性测试［ J］.农业工程学报， 2016，32（24）：89-97.

Wang Changling， He Xiongkui， Wang Xiaonan， et al. Distribution characteristics of pesticide application droplets deposition of unmanned aerial vehicle based on testing method of deposition quality balance［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2016，32（24）：89-97.

［18］郭永旺，袁会珠，何雄奎，等 .我国农业航空植保发展概况与前景分析［ J］.中国植保导刊， 2014，34（10）：78-82.

［19］茹煜 .农药航空静电喷雾系统及其应用研究［ D］.南京：南京林业大学， 2009.

Ru Yu. Research on aerial pesticide electrostatic spraying system and its application［D］. Nanjing：Nanjing Forestry University，2009.

［20］周志艳，明锐，臧禹，等 .中国农业航空发展现状及对策建议［ J］.农业工程学报， 2017，33（20）：1-13.

Zhou Zhiyan，Ming Rui，Zang Yu，et al. Development status and countermeasures of agricultural aviation in China［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2017，33（20）：1-13.

［21］何雄奎， Bonds Jane，Herbst Andreas，等 .亚洲农用植保无人机发展与应用［ J］.中国农业文摘 —农业工程， 2017，29（6）：5-12.

［22］南农 . 2020年度植保无人机行业发展报告［ J］.南方农机， 2021，52（8）：1-2.

［23］罗锡文，廖娟，胡炼，等 .提高农业机械化水平促进农业可持续发展［ J］.农业工程学报， 2016，32（1）：1-11.

Luo Xiwen， Liao Juan， Hu Lian， et al. Improving agricultural mechanization level to promote agricultural sustainable development［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2016，32（1）：1-11.

［24］邹良开 .三维空间中基于安全通信的多无人机的路径规划［ D］.沈阳：沈阳航空航天大学， 2018.

Zou Liangkai. Path planning of multi.UAV based on secure communication in three.dimensional space［D］. Shenyang：Shenyang Aerospace University，2018.

［25］郭焱，朱俊峰 .我国玉米生产的时空特征分析［ J］.农业经济与管理， 2017（1）：17-24.

Guo Yan，Zhu Junfeng. Temporal and spatial characteristics of maize production in China［J］. Agricultural Economy and Management，2017（1）：17-24.

［26］范明洪，兰玉彬，赵德楠，等 .植保无人机低容量喷雾防除玉米田杂草的雾滴沉积特性及除草效果［ J］.植物保护， 2022，48（5）：304-309.

Fan Minghong，Lan Yubin，Zhao Denan，et al. Droplets deposition of herbicide in low volume spraying by UAV in weeds and control effect in maize field［J］. Plant Protection，2022，48（5）：304-309.

［27］杨帅，王国宾，杨代斌，等 .无人机低空喷施苯氧威防治亚洲玉米螟初探［ J］.中国植保导刊， 2015，35（2）：59-62.

［28］Santana D C， Cotrim M F， Flores M S， et al. UAV.based multispectral sensor to measure variations in corn as a function of nitrogen topdressing［J］. Remote Sensing Applications： Society and Environment， 2021， 23：100534.

［29］李诗瑶，丛士翔，王融融，等 .基于无人机多光谱遥感的干旱胁迫下玉米冠层 SPAD值监测［ J］.干旱区地理， 2023，46（7）：1121-1132.

Li Shiyao， Cong Shixiang， Wang Rongrong， et al. Monitoring of maize canopy SPAD value under drought stress based on UAV multi.spectral remote sensing［J］. Arid Land Geography，2023，46（7）：1121-1132.

［30］高圆圆，张玉涛，赵酉城，等 .小型无人机低空喷洒在玉米田的雾滴沉积分布及对玉米螟的防治效果初探［ J］.植物保护， 2013，39（2）：152-157.

Gao Yuanyuan， Zhang Yutao， Zhao Youcheng， et al. Primary studies on spray droplet distribution and control effects of aerial spraying using unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） against the corn borer［J］. Plant Protection， 2013，39（2）：152-157.

［31］王靖，彭漪，刘小娟，等 .基于无人机多光谱数据的水稻 LAI反演与应用［ J］.中国农业大学学报， 2021，26（12）： 145-156.

Wang Jing，Peng Yi，Liu Xiaojuan，et al. Inversion and application of rice LAI based on UAV multispectral data［J］. Journal of China Agricultural University，2021， 26（12）：145-156.

［32］伏荣桃，陈诚，王剑，等 .植保无人机对水稻病虫害防治条件与防效的研究［ J］.中国农业科技导报， 2021，23（4）：103-109.

Fu Rongtao， Chen Cheng， Wang Jian， et al. Control conditions and effects of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） on diseases and insect pests of rice［J］. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology，2021，23（4）：103-109.

［33］张强，朱晓敏，赫思聪，等 .植保无人机喷施球孢白僵菌制剂防治水稻二化螟飞行参数筛选［ J］.中国生物防治学报， 2023，39（4）：789-796.

Zhang Qiang，Zhu Xiaomin，He Sicong，et al. Screening of flight parameters of plant protection UAV spraying beauveria bassiana formulation to control chilo suppressalis（walker）［ J］. Chinese Journal of Biological Control， 2023，39（4）：789-796.

［34］张亚莉，高启超，邓继忠，等 . M45型多旋翼植保无人机减量施药对稻飞虱防治效果的影响［ J］.华南农业大学学报， 2021，42（6）：36-42.

Zhang Yali，Gao Qichao，Deng Jizhong，et al. Effects of reduced pesticide application on rice planthopper control by M45 multi.rotor plant protection UAV［J］. Journal of South China Agricultural University，2021，42（6）：36-42.

［35］Wan L，Cen H Y，Zhu J P，et al. Grain yield prediction of rice using multi.temporal UAV.based RGB and multispectral images and model transfer：A case study of small farmlands in the South of China［J］. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2020，291：108096.

［36］Liu T，Li R，Zhong X，et al. Estimates of rice lodging using indices derived from UAV visible and thermal infrared images［J］. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology， 2018，252：144-154.

［37］邵国民，骆琴，何信富，等 .植保无人机防除水稻直播田杂草效果评价［ J］.中国稻米， 2019，25（6）：89-92.

Shao Guomin，Luo Qin，He Xinfu，et al. Evaluation on weeds control effects of UAV in direct seeding rice fields［J］. China Rice，2019，25（6）：89-92.

［38］刘迎，潘波，姜蕾，等 .添加飞防助剂对无人机防治水稻病害的影响［ J］.农药， 2018，57（4）：299-301.

Liu Ying，Pan Bo，Jiang Lei，et al. Influence of adding adjuvants for aviation plant protection on control efficacy of rice diseases using unmanned aerial vehicle［J］. Agrochemicals，2018，57（4）：299-301.

［39］何中虎，夏先春，陈新民，等 .中国小麦育种进展与展望［J］.作物学报， 2011，37（2）：202-215.

He Zhonghu，Xia Xianchun，Chen Xinmin，et al. Progress of wheat breeding in china and the future perspective［J］. Acta Agronomica Sinica，2011，37（2）：202-215.

［40］申华磊，苏歆琪，赵巧丽，等 .基于深度学习的无人机遥感小麦倒伏面积提取方法［ J］.农业机械学报， 2022，53（9）： 252-260.

Shen Hualei，Su Xinqi，Zhao Qiaoli，et al. Extraction of lodging area of wheat varieties by unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing based on deep learning［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery，2022，53（9）： 252-260.

［41］孙涛，张宋超，薛新宇，等 .小麦不同生育期单旋翼植保无人机施药作业参数优化［ J］.植物保护学报， 2021，48（3）：501-509.

Sun Tao， Zhang Songchao， Xue Xinyu， et al. Optimization of operation parameters for single.rotor plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） at different growth stages of wheat［J］. Journal of Plant Protection， 2021，48（3）：501-509.

［42］Su J，Liu C，Hu X，et al. Spatio.temporal monitoring of wheat yellow rust using UAV multispectral imagery［J］. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture， 2019， 167： 105035.

［43］蒙艳华，兰玉彬，李继宇，等 .单旋翼油动植保无人机防治小麦蚜虫参数优选［ J］.中国植保导刊， 2017，37（12）： 66-71.

Meng Yanhua，Lan Yubin，Li Jiyu，et al. Optimization of operation parameters of single.rotor gas powered UAV for controlling wheat aphid［J］. China Plant Protection，2017， 37（12）：66-71.

［44］朱德慧 .植保无人机在麦田化学除草上的应用效果试验［ J］.安徽农学通报， 2016，22（12）：74-75.

［45］陈银凤，康晓霞，耿跃，等 .多旋翼飞行器在麦类重要病害防治上的应用［ J］.浙江农业科学， 2016，57（6）：883-885.

［46］Chi Baojie，Zhang Dongmei，Dong Hezhong. Control of cotton pests and diseases by intercropping：A review［J］. Journal of Integrative Agriculture， 2021， 20（12）： 3089-3100.

［47］邹茜，刘爱玉，王欣悦，等 .棉花打顶技术的研究现状与展望［ J］.作物研究， 2014，28（5）：570-574.

Zou Qian， Liu Aiyu， Wang Xinyue， et al. Research progress and prospect on topping techniques in cotton［J］. Crop Research，2014，28（5）：570-574.

［48］胡红岩，陈宇楠，宋贤鹏，等 .植保无人机喷施纳米农药对棉花蚜虫的防治效果研究［ J］.云南农业大学学报（自然科学），2022，37（1）：54-60.

Hu Hongyan，Chen Yunan，Song Xianpeng，et al. Control effect on cotton aphids of nanopesticide sprayed with plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles in cotton field［J］. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University（Natural Science），2022，37（1）：54-60.

［49］王林，张强，马江锋，等 .新疆棉区植保无人机喷施棉花脱叶催熟剂效果研究［ J］.棉花学报， 2021，33（3）：200-208.

Wang Lin，Zhang Qiang，Ma Jiangfeng，et al. Study on the effect of spraying cotton defoliant by plant protection UAVs in Xinjiang cotton area［J］. Cotton Science，2021， 33（3）：200-208.

［50］Xu W，Chen P，Zhan Y，et al. Cotton yield estimation model based on machine learning using time series UAV remote sensing data［J］. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation，2021，104：102511.

［51］Feng A，Zhou J，Vories E，et al. Evaluation of cotton emergence using UAV.based imagery and deep learning［J］. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture， 2020，177：105711.

［52］张坤朋，邓喜军，王朝阳 .无人机喷洒不同棉花催熟、脱叶复合药剂效果研究［ J］.农药， 2017，56（8）：619-623.

Zhang Kunpeng，Deng Xijun，Wang Chaoyang. Effects of different composite chemicals on cotton ripening and defoliation sprayed by UAV［J］. Agrochemicals，2017，56（8）：619-623.

［53］王爱玉，薛超，马亚杰，等 .不同施药器械喷施棉花脱叶催熟剂的效果比较［ J］.中国棉花， 2022，49（10）：16-19.

Wang Aiyu， Xue Chao， Ma Yajie， et al. Effects comparison of spraying cotton defoliant and ripening agents with different sprayers［J］. China Cotton，2022，49（10）： 16-19.

［54］邱小雷，张羽，张小虎，等 .从植保无人机经验探析我国精确农业发展路径［ J］.江苏农业科学， 2019，47（16）： 30-33.

Qiu Xiaolei，Zhang Yu，Zhang Xiaohu，et al. Exploring the development path of precision agriculture in China from the experience of plant protection UAV［J］. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences，2019，47（16）：30-33.

［55］袁会珠，薛新宇，闫晓静，等 .植保无人飞机低空低容量喷雾技术应用与展望［ J］.植物保护， 2018，44（5）：152-158.

Yuan Huizhu， Xue Xinyu， Yan Xiaojing， et al. Applications and prospects in the unmanned aerial system for low.altitude and low.volume spray in crop protection［J］. Plant Protection，2018，44（5）：152-158.

［56］徐伟诚，陈凯，张铭，等 .基于太阳能的植保无人机续航提升方案［ J］.中国农业科技导报， 2018，20（11）：62-68.

Xu Weicheng，Chen Kai，Zhang Ming，et al. Life lifting scheme for plant protection UAV based on solar［J］. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology，2018，20（11）：62-68.

[1]	Wang Lin, Kong Dongsheng, Wang Liangmin, Gu Xiuyan, Yang Long, Wen Yulei. Agronomic factors affecting the mechanized emasculation of maize seed production [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(9): 15-20.
[2]	Chen Zhi, Zhou Xuefeng, Guo Lei, Shu Xin. Design and experiment of mud machine for rice seedling raising [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(9): 21-27.
[3]	Wu Yutong, Zhang Wei, Shi Wenqiang, Li Jinyang, Qi Liqiang, . Study on soybean lodging identification based on UAV remote sensing [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(9): 209-214.
[4]	Ma Zhiyan, , Wan Haidi, Chen Xuehai, , Shen Yang, , Zhou Minggang, . Research on the reconstruction method of maize three‑dimensional model in seeding stage based on RGB-D binocular vision [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(8): 148-153.
[5]	Zhou Sijie, Liu Tianqi, Chen Tianhua. Research on rice disease recognition based on improved YOLOv5 algorithm [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(8): 246-253.
[6]	Li Renfeng, Han Shunkai, Yang Fengbo. Research on downwash flow and droplet distribution of four-rotor plant protection UAV coupling with wind field [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(7): 81-86.
[7]	Xu Tianfu, Zhao Haiyan, Sang Weijun, Liu Jianfeng, Xie Kang, Sun Guangjun. Influence of plant protection UAV on the effect of pesticide application under various operating conditions based on CFD simulation [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(7): 87-96.
[8]	Zhang Jicheng, Huang Xiangdang. Maize disease identification method based on improved YOLOv3 [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(7): 269-275.
[9]	Wang Hongxuan, Yu Zhenzhen, Li Hailiang, Wang Chun, Yan Xiaoli, Zou Huafen. Fresh corn yield prediction based on GA-BP neural network [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(6): 156-162.
[10]	Luo Xiang, Cao Xiaolin, Yao Lintao, Wu Luofa, Cao Zhongsheng, Shu Shifu. Extracting Jinggang pomelo tree information and estimating yield based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imageries [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(5): 161-167.
[11]	Fu Lianlian, Fang Qing, Yuan Dongyu, Teng Jiamin. Forecasting of pig price fluctuation based on SSA and LSTMARIMA combination model [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(5): 176-181.
[12]	Li Peng, Shi Yongkang, Wan Xiaoyan. Modular design and finite element analysis of quadrotor agricultural UAV [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(5): 210-216.
[13]	Lu Boyuan, Wan Lin, Che Gang, Tian Yuqi, Liu Wei, He shuguo. Design and test of rotary rice seedbed grader [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(4): 12-17.
[14]	Lin Yuanyang, Wang Bin , Huang Yao , Su Chao , He Jing, Liu Gang, . Effect of N and P on rice growth based on the influence of drones#br# [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(4): 186-192.
[15]	Zhang Jin, , Xue Yaguang, Liu Xujie, Shan Haiyong, Wu Chongyou, Liu Jian. Design and experiment of gather straws rotary tillage fertilizer planter in 2BFGK-12 for wheat after rice seeder [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(3): 14-23.