In order to obtain high accuracy of plant disease classification with only a few training samples, a few-shot learning model was used as the disease classifier, and five kinds of shallow networks, Conv4, Conv6, ResNet10, ResNet18, and ResNet34, were used as feature extraction networks under the framework of three typical few-shot learning algorithms, including MatchingNet, ProtoNet, and RelationNet. Their performances were compared on the plant disease data set of PlantVillage. Under the condition of 5way、1shot, the average accuracies of MatchingNet, ProtoNet, and RelationNet were 72.29%, 72.43%, and 69.45%, respectively. ProtoNet+ResNet34 was the optimal combinational mode, and the accuracy reached 77.60%. Under the condition of 5way、5shot, the average accuracies of MatchingNet, ProtoNet, and RelationNet were 87.11%, 87.50%, and 82.92%, respectively. The accuracies were significantly improved compared to that of the 1shot condition. ProtoNet+ResNet34 was still the optimal one with an accuracy of 89.66%. The above test results show that by optimizing the combination of a few-shot learning framework and feature extraction network, the recognition model can achieve good effects for diseases with a small number of samples.