关键词: 经济作物, 产业发展, 机械化, 趋势分析

Abstract: This article reviews the development of major economic crop industries and mechanization in China from 2019 to 2023, including cotton, oil, sugar, vegetables, fruits, tea, and medicine, and proposes new trends and urgent problems in crop mechanization. The results showed that the cotton planting area has been shrinking year by year, the yield per unit has been increasing year by year, and the machine yield has exceeded 77%. Domestic cotton picking machines have achieved new development, and mechanized plant protection and control are the shortcomings. Rapeseed continues to expand its area and increase yield, with a machine planting rate of 45%. Mechanized transplantation has formed supporting solutions in different regions, but machine harvesting losses are still significant. The planting area and yield of peanuts have reached a new high, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of over 68%. Peanut harvesters are in short supply, harvesting and sowing with machines in southern China is a difficult task. The planting area and yield of sugarcane are basically stable, and stepbystep machine harvesting and combined machine harvesting are advancing synchronously. The problem of “one cut harvest with manual” urgently needs to be solved. The planting area and yield of vegetables have steadily increased, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 42.61%. The concept of integrating harvesting, seed selection, and machine technology has been recognized, and there is an urgent need to research and promote the application of key planting and harvesting equipment for ripening. The area and yield of garden fruits have steadily increased, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of only 27.3%. Modern orchards are constantly experiencing typical mechanization throughout the entire process, and the level of fruit harvest loss reduction and disaster prevention and mitigation equipment urgently needs to be improved. The area and yield of tea gardens continue to increase, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 34.09%. The level of machine harvesting and transportation, as well as the utilization rate of summer and autumn tea, have significantly improved. Processing is developing towards intelligent complete sets of equipment, and there is a lack of specialized equipment for intercropping and fertilization. The planting area of commonly used Chinese medicinal materials in clinical practice has shown a restorative growth, with a comprehensive mechanization rate of 42.90%. Suitable varieties in key provinces have basically achieved full mechanization, while the mechanization of Chinese medicinal materials in mountainous understory and flower leaf fruit categories is basically blank.

Key words: economic crop, industrial development, mechanization, trend analysis