玉米精量播种复合作业机具设计及试验

doi:10.13733/j.jcam.issn.2095‑5553.2024.08.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对现有玉米播种机播种精度以及播种合格指数较低的问题，设计一种玉米精量播种复合作业机具。阐述播种复合作业机具的工作原理以及主要技术参数，一次进地可同时完成苗带旋耕、施肥、精量播种、覆土和镇压等工作。选用苗带旋耕，并对旋耕机构作业运动状态进行理论分析，确定旋耕刀周向排列，来达到保护性耕作和提高播种精度的要求。确定平行四连杆仿形机构的总体结构，并对其进行受力和尺寸参数分析，通过计算得到仿形机构的杆长，使播种单体有足够的仿形量，保证播深一致性。选用气吸式排种器，确定气吸式排种器结构，计算得出排种器最高转速，可达到精量播种的目的。在黄淮海地区进行田间试验，结果表明：当播种机作业速度为4 km/h，苗带旋耕机构转速为280 r/min时，机具通过性良好，苗带宽度合格率为93.5%，播深合格率为93.1%，粒距合格率为93.5%，重播率为5.9%，漏播率为3.3%，合格粒距变异系数为15.64%。各项性能指标满足农艺要求。

关键词: 玉米, 精量播种机, 苗带旋耕, 气吸式, 仿形机构

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of low sowing accuracy and low sowing qualification index of existing corn seeders, a kind of corn precision sowing compound operation machine is designed. The working principle and main technical parameters of the sowing composite operation machine are expounded, and the work of rotary tillage, fertilization, precision sowing, mulching and suppression of seedlings can be completed at the same time in one entry. Seedling belt rotary tillage was selected, and the operation motion state of rotary tillage mechanism was analyzed theoretically, and the circumferential arrangement of rotary tillage knives was determined to meet the requirements of protective tillage and improving sowing accuracy. The overall structure of the parallelogram profile mechanism was determined, and the force and size parameters were analyzed, and the rod length of the profiling mechanism was obtained through calculation, to make the sowing cell have enough profiling to ensure the consistency of the sowing depth. The air‑suction seeder was selected, the structure of the air‑suction seeder was determined, and the maximum speed of the seeder was calculated, which could achieve the purpose of precise seeding. The field test in Huang‑Huai‑Hai area showed that when the operating speed of the seeder was 4 km/h and the speed of the seedling belt rotary tillage mechanism was 280 r/min, the passability of the machine was good, the pass rate of seedling belt width was 93.5%, the qualification rate of sowing depth was 93.1%, the pass rate of grain size was 93.5%, the replay rate was 5.9%, the missed broadcast rate was 3.3%, and the coefficient of variation of qualified grain size was 15.64%. The performance indicators meet the agronomic requirements.

Key words: corn； precision sowing machine；rotary tillage with seedling belt, air suction type； profile copying mechanism

中图分类号:

S223.2

韩中东, 刘江涛, 杨志杰, 李珊珊, 李涛. 玉米精量播种复合作业机具设计及试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(8): 20-26.

Han Zhongdong, Liu Jiangtao, Yang Zhijie, Li Shanshan, Li Tao. Design and experiment of compound operation machine for precision sowing of maize [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(8): 20-26.

参考文献

[ 1 ] 冯林，石东泉，田建仓. 秸秆机械化综合利用机具对比试验[J]. 农机使用与维修， 2020， 284（4）: 34.
[ 2 ] 王宇杰. 玉米大垄双行旋耕施肥播种机的整机设计与试验[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学， 2020.
[ 3 ] 曾山，姚腊梅，李凝，等. 气吸式辣椒精量穴直播机的研制与试验[J]. 华南农业大学学报， 2020， 41（3）: 102-109.
Zeng Shan， Yao Lamei， Li Ning， et al. Development and test of an air‑suction type precision direct seeding machine for pepper [J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University， 2020， 41（3）: 102-109.
[ 4 ] Schumann A W， Miller W M， Cugati S A， et al. Optimizing variable rate granular fertilizer spreader performance for single‑tree prescription zones [C].2006 ASAE Annual Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers， 2006: 1.
[ 5 ] 格兰2BQJ-12型精量播种机[J]. 农业机械， 2015（12）: 42.
[ 6 ] Conte O， Levien R， Debiasi H， et al. Soil disturbance index as an indicator of seed drill efficiency in no‑tillage agrosystems [J]. Soil and Tillage Research， 2011， 114（1）: 37-42.
[ 7 ] Parihar D S， Dogra B， Narang M K， et al. Development and evaluation of notched concave disc seed drill for direct seeding of wheat in paddy stubble field [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research， 2022， 10: 100421.
[ 8 ] Kumar R， Raheman H. Detection of flow of seeds in the seed delivery tube and choking of boot of a seed drill [J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture， 2018， 153: 266- 277.
[ 9 ] 于海杰. 楔形减阻旋耕刀优化设计与试验[D]. 保定：河北农业大学， 2019.
[10] 王金峰，王金武，孔彦军，等. 悬挂式水田筑埂机及其关键部件研制与试验[J]. 农业工程学报， 2013， 29（6）: 28-34.
Wang Jinfeng， Wang Jinwu， Kong Yanjun， et al. Development and experiment of suspension ridger and its key components for paddy field [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2013， 29（6）: 28-34.
[11] 刘涛. 油菜旋耕开沟施肥播种复式作业机的设计与研究[D]. 南京：南京农业大学， 2016.
Liu Tao. Design and research on rotary tillage‑ditching‑fertilization and seeding combine machine for rape [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016.
[12] 樊小兵. 麦茬地玉米免耕播种机及其关键部件的研究[D]. 南京：南京农业大学， 2016.
Fan Xiaobing. Research on corn no‑tillage planter and its key components in wheat stubble fields [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016.
[13] 赵淑红，蒋恩臣，闫以勋，等. 小麦播种机开沟器双向平行四杆仿形机构的设计及运动仿真[J]. 农业工程学报， 2013， 29（14）: 26-32.
Zhao Shuhong， Jiang Enchen， Yan Yixun， et al. Design and motion simulation of opener with bidirectional parallelogram linkage profiling mechanism on wheat seeder [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2013， 29（14）: 26-32.
[14] 中国农业科学研究院. 农业机械设计手册[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社， 1988.
[15] Vagadia R， Kadegiya H， Desai P， et al. Development of a mechanism for seed cum fertilizer drill [J]. Materials Today: Proceedings， 2021， 47: 3210-3216.
[16] 李玉环，杨丽，张东兴，等. 气吸式玉米高速精量排种器投种性能分析与结构优化[J]. 农业工程学报， 2022， 38（8）: 1-11.
Li Yuhuan， Yang Li， Zhang Dongxing， et al. Performance analysis and structure optimization of the maize precision metering device with air suction at high‑speed condition [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2022， 38（8）: 1-11.
[17] 都鑫，刘彩玲，姜萌，等. 自扰动内充型孔轮式玉米精量排种器设计与试验[J]. 农业工程学报， 2019， 35（13）: 23-34.
Du Xin， Liu Cailing， Jiang Meng， et al. Design and experiment of self‑disturbance inner‑filling cell wheel maize precision seed‑metering device [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2019， 35（13）: 23-34.
[18] 赵宏波，何进，李洪文，等. 条带式旋切后抛防堵装置设计与试验[J]. 农业机械学报， 2018， 49（5）: 65-75.
Zhao Hongbo， He Jin， Li Hongwen， et al. Design and experiment of strip rotary‑cut‑throw anti‑blocking implement [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery， 2018， 49（5）: 65-75.
[19] 陈为鹏，胡培杰，张宝昌，等. 交错苗带式大豆免耕精量播种机设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报， 2022， 43（2）: 1-7.
Chen Weipeng， Hu Peijie， Zhang Baochang， et al. Design and experiment of no‑tillage precision planters with staggered seedling belts for soybean [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization， 2022， 43（2）: 1-7.
[20] 赵晓顺，于凤超，赵达卫，等. 气吸式玉米精量排种器的性能试验研究[J]. 河北农业大学学报， 2020， 43（5）: 103-107.
Zhao Xiaoshun， Yu Fengchao， Zhao Dawei， et al. Study on the performance test of pneumatic corn precision seed‑metering device [J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei， 2020， 43（5）: 103-107.
[21] GB/T20865-2007，免（少）耕施肥播种机[S].

[1]	连潇, 王建吉, 朱砚. 大豆收获机割台关键技术及损失研究现状分析[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(8): 8-13.
[2]	张宇乾, 于淇, 胡志诚, 陈龙, 杨文彩, 张海东. 基于响应面法和CFD的轴流气吸式排种器优化设计[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(8): 14-19.
[3]	徐宁, 胡敏英, 桑永英, 艾庆贺, 曹泽坤. 基于STM32的分控变量喷雾系统设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(8): 107-111.
[4]	马志艳, 万海迪, 陈学海, 申阳, 周明刚, . 基于RGB-D双目视觉的苗期玉米三维模型重构方法研究[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(8): 148-153.
[5]	娄秀华, 李茂峰, 杜岳峰, 毛恩荣, 付磊. 玉米联合收获机清选控制系统设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(7): 1-8.
[6]	李向阳, 李晓康, , 张锋伟, 宋学锋, 潘伟阳, 侯晶涛. 青贮玉米收获机喂入切碎试验台设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(7): 41-47.
[7]	王宝梁, 王政, 孟为国, 陆凯, 贾寿良, 薛金林. 基于大豆玉米带状复合种植下的分带式喷杆喷药机设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(7): 60-67.
[8]	唐可记, 孙文磊, 杨炀, 孔德龙. 玉米收获机发动机服役状态趋势分析与预警[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(7): 160-165.
[9]	张继成, 黄向党. 基于改进YOLOv3的玉米病害识别方法[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(7): 269-275.
[10]	单海勇, 严旖旎, 张晋, 刘旭杰, 韩笑, 刘建. 大豆—玉米带状复合种植耕种机械化研究进展[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(6): 42-52.
[11]	李鑫, 王占滨, 张银平, 张雨滋, 陈美舟, 周华. 不同品种玉米机收适宜性试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(6): 58-62.
[12]	王宏轩, 于珍珍, 李海亮, 汪春, 严晓丽, 邹华芬. 基于GA-BP神经网络的鲜食玉米产量预测[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(6): 156-162.
[13]	张红梅, 张晨明, 朱晨辉, 祝英豪, 李志杰, 李鹏昌. 玉米免耕播种机振动特性及对排种器排种性能的影响[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(5): 1-8.
[14]	蒋振晗, , 王钰旭, , 魏逸飞, , 于艳, 孙永佳, , 孙宜田, . 电驱式玉米高速作业播种机控制系统设计与试验[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(3): 24-30.
[15]	胥备, 刘元义, 于圣洁, 陶丽欢, 唐小涵, 郭孝琛. 改进整数线性规划法的农机配备研究[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(3): 173-181.